Answer:
The transgene could be silenced by: 1- epigenetic mechanisms (e.g., DNA methylation, histone deacetylation, etc.), and 2-the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway
Explanation:
Epigenetics refers to the heritable changes caused by the activation and deactivation of genes without changing the DNA sequence. Epigenetic mechanisms include 1-DNA methylation on cytosine residues, and 2-modifications on amino acids in the tails of histone proteins (e.g., methylation, acetylation, ribosylation, phosphorylation, etc). These two epigenetic mechanisms can modify DNA structure and thus alter the accessibility of transcription factors, thereby suppressing gene/transgene expression. Moreover, the RNA interference pathway (RNAi) is a naturally occurring mechanism capable of suppressing gene/transgene expression both at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. The RNAi mechanism is triggered by regulatory non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as, among others, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and small ncRNAs (e.g., miRNAs, piRNAs, siRNAs, etc). In this case, for example, DNA methylation on promoter sequences could suppress transgene expression, thereby methods to measure DNA methylation can be used to test this possibility (e.g., bisulfite genomic sequencing). Moreover, miRNAs that bind to the messenger RNA of the transgene could also inhibit its expression by triggering the RNAi pathway (e.g., mRNA degradation), thereby methods to measure mRNA levels can be used to test this possibility (e.g., RT-PCR).
Answer:
B) There is no further change in concentration of Solute X
Explanation:
During diffusion for attaining equilibrium it is necessary that;
There is no further change in concentration of particular Solute. Becuase if we change the concentration of solute on either side of membrane it will establish the concentration gradient and solute will start moving from higher concentration to lower concentration.
Remember at equilibrium the movement of molecules across the membrane does not stop. Equilibrium just equalizes the movement of molecules on both side of membrane. SO, there would be no further net movement of molecules.
Answer: They contain DNA and RNA, they can exhibit a wide range of lifestyles, and they are essential to almost every ecosystem.
Explanation:
Answer:
50%in plants and 50% in animal