Richter's original magnitude scale (ML) was extended to observations of earthquakes of any distance and of focal depths ranging between 0 and 700 km. Because earthquakes excite both body waves, which travel into and through the Earth, and surface waves, which are constrained to follow the natural waveguide of the Earth's uppermost layers, two magnitude scales evolved - the MB and MS scales.
The standard body-wave magnitude formula is
MB = log10(A/T) + Q(D,h) ,
where A is the amplitude of ground motion (in microns); T is the corresponding period (in seconds); and Q(D,h) is a correction factor that is a function of distance, D (degrees), between epicenter and station and focal depth, h (in kilometers), of the earthquake. The standard surface-wave formula is
MS = log10 (A/T) + 1.66 log10 (D) + 3.30 .
There are many variations of these formulas that take into account effects of specific geographic regions so that the final computed magnitude is reasonably consistent with Richter's original definition of ML. Negative magnitude values are permissible.
In addition to chloride, there are other negatively charged molecules in plasma. The extra sodium restores the balance of the overall negative charges.
So this is how plasma is electrically neutral.
<h3>The makeup of bodily fluids:</h3>
- High levels of sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, and protein can be found in the plasma.
- High levels of salt, chloride, and bicarbonate but a relatively low level of protein can be found in the IF.
- The ICF, on the other hand, contains higher levels of protein, phosphate, magnesium, and potassium.
<h3>What occurs when the
plasma Na+ content rises?</h3>
- Although the plasma sodium concentration does not provide any information regarding the volume of extracellular fluid, it does allow for an assumption regarding intracellular volume.
- A rise in plasma sodium (plasma osmolality) causes water to be drawn out of the cell, which causes the intracellular volume to decrease.
<h3>Why does
plasma have a
higher sodium content than
chloride?</h3>
- In plasma, sodium predominates over chloride.
- In addition to chloride, there are other negatively charged molecules in plasma.
- The extra sodium restores the balance of the overall negative charges.
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Answer:
The given question is incomplete, as there is no options provided, and are not available anywhere. But in general, if a forest ecosystem has not experienced any kind of disturbances or natural disasters in the last 100 years then the various plants and animals species dwelling in that forest are reasonably stable.
Explanation:
A forest ecosystem is usually defined as a distinct ecosystem that is comprised of trees, plants and animals, and micro-organisms, in an area that interacts with the abiotic factors such as water, soil in order to survive.
If a forest ecosystem is not disturbed by any anthropogenic or natural disasters for the past 100 years, then the species living in this ecosystem becomes reasonably very stable. They will be adapting to the environment and habitat becomes permanent. There will not occur much physiological and morphological variation in these species.
A. They are made up of DNA wrapped around proteins.
B must be wrong if A is true. C is incorrect because they are not made during meiosis they are recombined to form new ones, and D is not true because they are involved in mitosis in duplication.
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