Answer:
The process of the formation of Urine starts when the blood enters the kidney and is filtered by the nephrons to separate the water from the larger elements that compound it like blood cells and proteins. Then, they go to the blood, and the elements that passed the filtration membrane go to the renal tubule to be moved to the bladder or be reabsorbed in case they are necessary for the body.
Explanation:
The Urine creation process starts with the blood entering the nephron in the kidneys. Then it is filtrated blocking blood cells and large proteins, making only water and smaller elements pass the filtration membrane. Then, cells and proteins, as well as the elements that couldn't pass the filtration membrane, go back to the bloodstream. While the elements that passed the filtration membrane go to the nephron to enter the renal tubule. In this tube some of the components that can still be used by the body are reabsorbed, the rest continues its journey to the bladder.
Why does t. brucei infection cause the symptoms that led to the term "African sleeping sickness"?
The African Sleeping Sickness is a prevalent disease in sub-Saharan Africa. It is caused by the Trypanosoma brucei, a parasitic protozoan carried by the tsetse fly. There are two strains of the African Sleeping Sickness. the first type is caused by the t. brucei gambiense. More than 98% of the accounted cases are caused by this strain.
The other strain is the Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. The symptoms of this disease are as follows: extreme fatigue, fever, irritability, severe headache, muscle and joint aches, swollen lymph nodes and skin rash. The parasite invades the central nervous system once it crosses the brain barrier.
For patients infected with the t.b. rhodesiense, the progression of the symptoms is fast. The worst symptoms usually manifest after 2 weeks of getting bitten by the tsetse fly. A t.b. rhodesiense may suffer from mental deterioration. If left untreated, it can cause death within a few months.
For patients infected with the t.b. gambiense strain, the progress is slower. The symptoms are mild, and the patient may only suffer from headaches and intermitted fever. After 7 to 14 days, the patient's central nervous system may be affected. The patient may suffer from confusion, daytime sleepiness, and insomnia. Untreated patients may die within three years.
how is t. brucei infection diagnosed? what factors often make diagnosis difficult?
The screening test for the rhodiense strain is done through microscopic examination of fluid samples. The T.b. rhodiense is mostly isolated in the blood, lymph fluid or the biopsy of the skin ulcer. As for the diagnosis of the T.b. gambiense, serologic testing is preferred because it is difficult to detect the parasite in the blood. One of the main factors that affect the diagnosis of the T.b. gambiense strain is the availability of the test kits and serum antibodies for the screening procedure.
Answer:
The repressor protein works by binding to the gene's promoter region, preventing the production of messenger RNA (mRNA).
The bonding that holds it together is a covalent bond
Answer:
In general, a crown with short margins or an insufficient margin should be reconstructed entry and be remade with a special margin ceramics.
If one wish to transfer the insufficiency or the lack to the dental technician for to be adapted, the following approach may come in handy;
1. The margin of the crown should be cut back in the area of the gap 1.0 mm superior/before the margin of the preparation. Make sure that there is a pronounced bevel.
2. An impression should be taken on a (e.g. polyether) with the positioned crown as needed.
3. Cast the impression with a special resin.
Explanation:
The preparation process involves the shrinkage of the ceramics at the firing process stage, the marginal fit should be tolerable at best.
Limitation of strength of the veneering ceramic special margin (approx. 80 MPa) should be tested before implementation.
