African colonies produced raw materials which were expropriated by the colonialists (centre nations). Furthermore, colonialism introduced a dual economic structure within the African economy. It also brought about disarticulation of African economy, education, trade, market, transport and currency institution.
The renewable energy source is Hydroelectricity.
The answer is Light Pollution. Light pollution is typically caused in large cities.
The US has 3 percent increase per annum
It can be both
by improving transportation routes to Mecca
and
by improving sanitation and medical facilities
