The essence of open range was the free grazing of cattle on millions of unfenced acres of public land. It was possible to become wealthy raising cattle without owning any acreage. Although most ranchers owned a base operation, some owned millions of acres. America's open range started with the Civil War [1861-1865].
Answer: Catholic Church.
Explanation:
For the first time in history, the Catholic Church's authority was seriously questioned by the Reformation. Reformers began to point out irregularities in the church, injustices such as the sale of inductions. Until that moment, no one had shaken the church's authority so seriously, those who would eventually try would end up either at stake or in exile, prosecuted by the Inquisition and the like.
The Trojan War happened I think during that time.
