Alea iacta est ("The die is cast") is a variation of a Latin phrase (iacta alea est) attributed by Suetonius to Julius Caesar who pronounced it in the year 49 B.C. when he was leading his army across the Rubicon river in the current territories of Northern Italy. Subsequently, he entered in Italy heading his army and defying the Roman Senate and it meant the beginning of the civil war versus Pompey and the Optimates.
- Plutarch, referred to the same event in his written testimonies and reported the phrase but stating it was pronounced in Greek instead of Latin and that its translation meant: <em>'Let the die be cast'.</em>
- Suetonius described the same situation, reporting a very similar phrase but not exactly the same. Let's include the exact excerpt of his writings where he did so.
<em>Caesar: '... iacta alea est,' inquit.</em>
<em>Caesar said, "The die has been cast."</em>
Thefore there are two very similar versions of the same historical events. Usually the Latin version is the most widely known, as the Latin language was more widespread all over Europe and gave rise to all the current family of Latin languages (Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, etc).
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No, without proper government, administration cannot be form in a country because we have found some urban or community leaders in our ancient history and they used to run their group with their muscle power. There were no rules and regulations and anyone can replace their leader by showing more power.
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The term New Deal derives from Franklin Roosevelt’s 1932 speech accepting the Democratic Party’s nomination for president. At the convention Roosevelt declared, “I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people.” Though Roosevelt did not have concrete policy proposals in mind at the time, the phrase "New Deal" came to encompass his many programs designed to lift the United States out of the Great Depression.
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The National Socialist German Workers’ Party, or Nazi Party, grew into a mass movement and ruled Germany through totalitarian means from 1933 to 1945 under the leadership of Adolf Hitler (1889-1945). Founded in 1919 as the German Workers’ Party, the group promoted German pride and anti-Semitism, and expressed dissatisfaction with the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, the 1919 peace settlement that ended World War I (1914-1918) and required Germany to make numerous concessions and reparations. Hitler joined the party the year it was founded and became its leader in 1921. In 1933, he became chancellor of Germany and his Nazi government soon assumed dictatorial powers. After Germany’s defeat in World War II (1939-45), the Nazi Party was outlawed and many of its top officials were convicted of war crimes related to the murder of some 6 million European Jews during the Holocaust.
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