The air is so dry that when it hits a snowpack, the frozen water evaporates, going directly from the ice to vapor and bypassing the liquid phase entirely. This is called sublimation, and it's a common way for snow to disappear in the arid West."
Answer:after 4 PCR cycles, 24 = 16 DNA
Explanation:From a single DNA template molecule, it is possible to generate 2n DNA molecules, after 'n' number of cycles in polymerase chain reaction (PCR). So, after 4 PCR cycles, 24 = 16 DNA molecules will be formed.
PH scale is used to determine how acidic or basic a solution is.
we have been given the hydrogen ion concentration. Using this we can calculate pH,
pH = - log[H⁺]
pH = - log (1 x 10⁻¹ M)
pH = 1
using pH can calculate pOH
pH + pOH = 14
pOH = 14 - 1
pOH = 13
using pOH we can calculate the hydroxide ion concentration
pOH = - log [OH⁻]
[OH⁻] = antilog(-pOH)
[OH⁻] = 10⁻¹³ M
hydroxide ion concentration is 10⁻¹³ M