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The Italian city-states were a political phenomenon of small independent states mostly in the central and northern Italian Peninsula between the 9th and the 15th centuries.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, urban settlements in Italy generally enjoyed a greater continuity than in the rest of western Europe. Many of these towns were survivors of earlier Etruscan, Umbrian and Roman towns which had existed within the Roman Empire. The republican institutions of Rome had also survived. Some feudal lords existed with a servile labour force and huge tracts of land, but by the 11th century, many cities, including Venice, Milan, Florence, Genoa, Pisa, Lucca, Cremona, Siena, Città di Castello, Perugia, and many others, had become large trading metropoles, able to obtain independence from
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Explanation:
The arousal theory of motivation suggests that we are always looking for different activities that allow us to maintain an optimal level of psychological arousal. If Jim and Mariee want to keep their level or arousal, they will look for an activity that implies physycal movement an, maybe, some sort of risky feelings, for example, running on the streets at night or climbing some tree. If they want to lower their level of psychological arousal, they will do something that doesn't imply that much risks or moving, for example, playing cards, watching a movie, etc.
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a central idea is a main point that the other is making.in other words,central idea is what are the article is mostly about.you can think of a central idea as a thesis statement : one sentence that states what the article is about.
