Answer:
the ratio of the surface area to the volume is 1:2
<u>During </u><u>latent </u><u>phase of a muscle twitch chemical changes such as the release of calicum are according intracelluary as rthe muscles prepare for contractrion.</u>
What are the phases of a twitch contraction?
- A single contraction is called a twitch. A muscle twitch has a latent period, a contraction phase, and a relaxation phase.
- A graded muscle response allows variation in muscle tension.
What is a latent period ?
The amount of time that passes between an action potential being generated in a muscle cell and the beginning of muscular contraction.
What is a muscle twitch?
- The fundamental reaction of a motor unit to a single stimulus is a muscle twitch. Muscle Twitch in three different states .
- Excitation of the muscle fiber takes place during the latent phase, and calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cell's cytoplasm.
What happens during latent period of muscle twitch?
- A single muscle twitch consists of three parts. the contraction phase, the relaxation phase, and the latent period, often known as the lag phase.
- The action potential reaches the muscle, and the latent period is the brief (1-2 msec) interval before tension is seen in the muscle.
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Answer:
The correct insulin pathway is described as under:
2. Binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of the insulin receptor
8. Activation of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase
3. Phosphorylation of IRS proteins
6. Phosphorylation of phosphinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K)
4. Conversion of PIP2 to PIP3
7. Activation of PIP3-dependent protein kinase B (PDK1)
5. Glut4 receptors transported to the cell membrane
Explanation:
The insulin signaling pathway is described as under:
RTK (receptor tyrosine kinases) which is a receptor for insulin is an extracellular receptor but in contrast to other cell surface receptors it is catalytic in nature. In the absence of insulin (ligand), it is monomeric but as soon as it gets activated (activation occurs upon ligand binding), it undergo dimerization. It leads to auto-phosphorylation in it's tyrosine residue which subsequently leads to phosphorylation of tyrosine residue of other receptors. Such hyper-phosphorylated receptor have high affinity with enzyme/molecule like IRS protein which have SH2 domain . IRS down stream activates phosphinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K). This enzyme converts component of animal cell membrane PIP2 into PIP3. PIP3 also remains membrane bound but it has the potential to phosphorylate another enzyme named as PIP3-dependent protein kinase B (PDK1). Further, PDK1 leads to the activation of Akt or PK-B. Akt is a serine-threonine kinase which ultimately leads to the recruitment of Glut4 receptors on cell membrane for uptake of more and more glucose into the cell.
Note: Apart from this Akt also phosphorylates another protein named as FOXO which ultimately causes cell growth, Akt can also phosphorylate BAD protein so as to restrict cell apoptosis or we can say it leads to cell survival, Akt also leads to translation in a cell with the help of mTOR raptor etc.
For mutations to affect an organism's descendants, they must: 1) occur in cells that produce the next generation, and 2) affect the hereditary material. Ultimately, the interplay between inherited mutations and environmental pressures generates diversity among species.
