Answer:
The Counter-Reformation was an organization within the Catholic Church dedicated to fighting the consequences of the Protestant Reformation and undoing them by reforming Church abuses and eliminating heresies, etc. It could be argued that it began formally in 1545 with the Council of Trent, which was opened by Pope Paul III specifically to strengthen the Church in the face of the revolutionary developments in the Protestant countries of northern Europe. This happened more than 20 years after the beginning of the Protestant Reformation, and it was so given that the Catholics themselves had various political conflicts among their main leaders of each nation.
The Counter-Reformation was at its peak in the second half of the 16th century but continued until the middle of the succeeding century. The establishment of the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) and its development into a missionary body sending priests to all parts of the world, from Peru to China and Japan, seek to restore the spiritual life and philosophical foundations of the Church.
Answer:
The generality of Article III of the Constitution raised questions that Congress had to address in the Judiciary Act of 1789. These questions had no easy answers, and the solutions to them were achieved politically. The First Congress decided that it could regulate the jurisdiction of all Federal courts, and in the Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress established with great particularity a limited jurisdiction for the district and circuit courts, gave the Supreme Court the original jurisdiction provided for in the Constitution, and granted the Court appellate jurisdiction in cases from the Federal circuit courts and from the state courts where those courts rulings had rejected Federal claims. The decision to grant Federal courts a jurisdiction more restrictive than that allowed by the Constitution represented a recognition by the Congress that the people of the United States would not find a full-blown Federal court system palatable at that time.
For nearly all of the next century the judicial system remained essentially as established by the Judiciary Act of 1789. Only after the country had expanded across a continent and had been torn apart by civil war were major changes made. A separate tier of appellate circuit courts created in 1891 removed the burden of circuit riding from the shoulders of the Supreme Court justices, but otherwise left intact the judicial structure.
Explanation:
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Well, they wanted religious freedom and separation from the church of England. As well, America brought forth new opportunity, and new potential growth of an stable settlement which would soon turn into a city, than which would forth bring up a nation.
Losing favor after 1828, the earliest method of nominating candidates for office was the legislative caucus. The correct option among all the options given in the question is option "A". The actual meaning of caucus in terms of politics is the gathering of supporters of a common political party. Although the term appeared in the United States of America, but later on it spread to other countries like Australia, Canada etc.
