Explanation:
Law does not function in vacuum. Law operates for and in the society; and it is influenced by the mores and attitudes of the society. Correspondingly, law is an instrument of social change. The law thus never can be static; it has to change constantly with the changes in the society. Judiciary plays a major role for this change since judges interpret and redefine the laws through their judicial decisions. The demands of the time and society become prominent factors for judge in the law interpretation process. Their judicial opinions consequently become precedents - 'settled' or 'established' law that can provide legal foundation for settling subsequent cases. Hence, those who are associated in the field of law have to read case judgments for their research or academic purposes.
Mere knowledge of legal rules is not enough to do research in law. It also needs the analytical skills to extract ratio, observation and to apply these principles in different factual situations. This paper endeavors to identify certain parameters, which by no means are exhaustive but are only enabling points which could help a researcher to read and understand the judicial opinion. To achieve the very purposes of reading, the yardstick is not mere the ability to read, but to comprehend very essence of what is written.
The author believes that when a judgment is written well with clarity and consistency, even a common man would be able to figure out the contours of law. Since the objective of any judgment or judicial opinion is justice, the judge's conveying skill and the reader's skill ought to converge upon a common end.
The 19th amendment gave women the right to vote
The correct answer is letter C
The Catholic Church has established guidelines to remedy the effects of reforms and to guard against the imminence of other reform programs. These guidelines became known as Counter-reformation. One of the most important points of the Catholic Counter-reform was the meeting of the Council of Trent.
A council consists of the meeting of the main ecclesiastical authorities to deliberate on doctrinal matters (this only on the articles that underlie the dogmas of the Catholic Church) and / or pastoral (that is, the way of evangelization, behavior and conduct of Catholic clergy and laity) . The Council of Trent was organized between the years 1545 and 1563 with the aim of taking positions regarding the criticisms of the Protestant reformists.
One of the main actions of the council was the reaffirmation of the dogmas of the Catholic faith and, mainly, of the liturgy (set of Catholic rituals and symbols that order from the Church's calendar, the stages of the life of a Catholic faithful, to the parts of a mass , etc.). For that, it was essential to maintain the seven sacraments, clerical celibacy, the hierarchy of the clergy and the belief in the image of the Catholic Church as the <em>“mystical body of Christ on Earth”</em>, which depends on divine grace, nourished by the sacraments, above all by confession and communion. As it is highlighted in one of the decisions of the council: <em>"If anyone says that man can justify himself to God by his own works [...] or by the doctrine of the law, without the divine Grace acquired by Jesus Christ, be excommunicated."
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Another institution of the Council of Trent was the Index Librorum Proibitorum, that is, the book with the books prohibited by the Church. Works such as The Praise of Madness, by Erasmo de Rotterdam, and Decameron, by Boccaccio, were included in the referred index.
Thomas Edison
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