Answers: examples of host defence mechanism include: Innate anatomical and physiological barriers, Innate cellular and chemical defenses.
Explanation:
The capability of the human body to resist almost all types of organisms or toxins that tend to damage the tissues and organs is known as IMMUNITY. This host defence mechanism can be classified into INNATE or adaptive immunity.
The immunity that results from general processes, rather than from processes directed at specific disease organisms is called the INNATE IMMUNITY. The anatomical and physiological barriers of the innate immunity provides the first line of defence against pathogens. Examples of these barriers of the innate immunity includes:
--> Destruction of swallowed organisms by the low stomach pH and digestive enzymes
--> The vigorous mucociliary clearance mechanisms of the respiratory airways and lungs.
--> Resistance of the skin to invasion by organisms
While examples of innate cellular and chemical defenses include:
--> Phagocytosis of bacteria and other invaders by white blood cells and cells of the tissue macrophage System
--> lysozymes, a mucolytic polysaccharide that attacks bacteria and cause them to dissolute.
--> basic polypeptides which react and inactivate certain types of gram- positive bacteria
-->natural killer lymphocytes that can recognize and destroy foreign and tumor cells.
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Seasonal changes in carbon dioxide concentration with the highest levels measured in May and the lowest levels measured in October will affect the photosynthesis rate due it is a reactant which is required during photosynthesis.
<h3>What are the photosynthetic chemical reactants?</h3>
Photosynthetic chemical reactants are those materials required to carry out photosynthetic reactions which include carbon dioxide and water molecules. These materials are used to generate simple carbohydrates such as glucose and oxygen.
Photosynthesis also requires sunlight to excite the electrons of chlorophyll molecules in order to generate chemical energy (glucose)
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the photosynthetic chemical reactants include both carbon dioxide and water, thereby fluctuations in the levels of these materials will affect the photosynthesis rate and thus may lead to a decrease and or an increase in the amount of photosynthetic products (i.e. oxygen and also glucose).
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The principle of independent assortment applies to chromosomes because it states that genes for different traits separate independently during the formation of gametes.
Basically the chromosomes are what separate independently not the genes. <span />
Explanation:
An environment's biology includes both abiotic factors like atmosphere, water, soil, sunlight and temperature; and biotic factors which are living components of the ecosystem. These factors lead to a gradual change of an ecosystem over time; however, humans drastically impact the environment through over-exploitation and pollution- we disrupt normal abiotic and biotic interactions. Furthermore, human impact can lead to population die-offs and extinction events, along with food and water scarcity.
Human impact on the environment can manifest as:
- overpopulation- natural resources are over used, and habitats cannot support human communities;
- urban communities also expand by cutting down trees in deforestation- this leads to erosion and flooding;
- burning fossil fuels- this reduces air quality and adds carbon dioxide to the environment leading to global warming;
- pollution- adding contaminants to the atmosphere, waterways, soil etc.
Leaves change in the fall via a natural process; in green leaves the photosynthetic pigment, Chlorphyll a is produced in significantly lower amounts. Other pigment molecules that absorb and reflect different wavelengths exist in larger concentrations- their effect is more apparent, leading to visibly orange-red leaves.
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