The Earth comprises many spheres of subsystems, which associate with each other to develop a composite and spontaneously changing system of the Earth. The processes taking place in the system of the Earth occurs on spatial scales changing from fractions of millimeters to thousands of kilometers, and on time scales, which varies from milliseconds to billions of years.
The examples of instantaneous scales are a rotation of the Earth, breathing, an earthquake.
The examples of long-term scales are making coal and plate tectonics.
The system of the Earth is featured by various overlapping cycles in which matter is recycled again and again. The cycles involve interactions between multiple spheres and systems. The examples of cycles are rock cycle, day and night, and seasons.
Volcanoes discharge a huge concentration of particulate matter into the atmosphere. These particles function as nuclei for the development of droplets of water (hydrosphere). The rainfall, that is, hydrosphere usually upsurges after an eruption, initiating growth of the plant (biosphere). Thus, volcanoes and volcanic activities are a good illustration of system interactions.
The majority of Earth's atmosphere contain 78% is nitrogen, The Nitrogen cycle is the geochemical cycle in which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms. Nitrogen cycle occurs in terrestrial and marine ecosystem. Nitrogen can be converted through both biological and physical process. The processes that are involved in nitrogen cycle are fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification.
There is limited amount of nitrogen that is useful but <u>increase of fossil fuel combustion, use of artificial nitrogen fertilizer</u> have dramatically increased the amount of nitrogen in nitrogen cycle.
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<span>Using the longer chromosomal pair when modeling crossing-over helps the observer's see the pattern in a spread-out example.</span>
The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and a complex network of neurons. This system is responsible for sending, receiving, and interpreting information from all parts of the body. The nervous system monitors and coordinates internal organ function and responds to changes in the external environment.
• Neurons are the basic unit of the nervous system. All cells of the nervous system are comprised of neurons. Neurons contain nerve processes which are "finger-like" projections that extend from the nerve cell body. The nerve processes consist of axons and dendrites which are able to conduct and transmit signals.
• The brain is the control center of the body. One of these furrows, the medial longitudinal fissure, divides the brain into left and right hemispheres. Covering the brain is a protective layer of connective tissue known as the meninges.
• The spinal cord runs down the center of the protective spinal column extending from the neck to the lower back. Spinal cord nerves transmit information from body organs and external stimuli to the brain and send information from the brain to other areas of the body.
