You could add them on a number line or count on your fingers.
A number less than three would be 1 or 2.
Answer:
4²p² or 16p² or 4² times p²
Step-by-step explanation:
all of these are correct it depends on how you're supposed to write it

notice, the distance is the same, upstream or downstream, thus is "d" for both
solve for "r"