The first Shah of the Pahlavis Dynasty, Reza Shah came to power by means of a coup in 1921 and was able to secure power over the political and government system within a few years. He did so by establishing social structure and order, eliminating any threats to his power through rebellion, and having himself named Shah in 1925. Reza Shah wanted to implement sweeping reform programs including projects meant to industrialize Iran and improve access to public education and healthcare. While these programs were meant to help the Iranian people, some reacted harshly to his authoritarian style authroitarian style of rule and many religious and educated peoples spoke out against the ruler.
Reza Shah was eventaully displaced from power, placed into exile by the British and succeeded by his son, Mohammad Reza Shah. Like his father, the second Pahlavi ruler supported reform programs meant to develop Iran's economy and support it's people. However, these attempts were meant with reservations by many people who faced more economic hardship and disparity rather than oppporutnity. This resentment led many to support revolutionary ideas and movements, which eventually saw the collapse of the Shah's government in 1978 and 1979.
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire), which ended participation of Russia in the world War I. The treaty was signed in Brest-Litovsk after two months of negotiations and was forced to the Bolshevik government by the threat of more advances by the German and Austrian forces. According to the treaty, Soviet Russia failed to fulfill all the commitments of Imperial Russia with the alliance of the Triple Entente.
It is well known that World War I began in July 1914 with the confrontation of two main European imperialist nuclei: on the one hand, the Germanic, with Germany and Austria-Hungary, and on the other, the Slav, with Russia and Serbia. The allies on each side were soon in combat. One of the German strategies used against Russia in the war was to patronize the Communist Bolshevik revolution, which took place in October 1917, so that the Tsar Nicholas II's empire would wear out inwardly, which proved quite effective.
Russia's departure from the war was one of the main prerogatives of the Bolsheviks, who repudiated the nationalist and imperialist war and planned another kind of revolutionary and global war that would, in theory, assault Europe after the First World War, since all the powers involved would be as weak as Russia. However, at the beginning of 1918, to seal a peace agreement with the central powers would enable the Bolsheviks to recover the economy and reshape the army.
Hadrian was emperor of the Roman Empire from 117-138 years. He was a strong ruler committed to strengthening the Empire and Hadrian oversaw many important construction projects, including the Temple of Venus, Rome and hadrian's Wall.
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B. The government's attempt to solve internal problems.
