You didn't provide us the text excerpt for your question, so let me simply provide some details concerning the Catholic Reformation.
The Roman Catholic Church responded to the Protestant Reformation in a number of ways intended to strengthen its own stance and its hold on church power. This movement by the Catholic Church is known as the Counter-Reformation or the Catholic Reformation. It included a number of features, such as:
- The formation of religious orders that aimed to build allegiance to Rome and the papacy, and to educate people in Catholic teaching. The Society of Jesus, known as the Jesuits for short, was a key order of this sort. The order was founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1534, along with Francis Xavier and several others.
- The Council of Trent served to reform some abuses that were acknowledged by the Catholic Church, such as the sale of indulgences and the practice of selling church offices (simony). The council also aimed to improve priests' knowledge. The <em>Roman Catechism</em>, also known as the <em>Catechism of the Council of Trent</em>, was commissioned by the Council and was published in 1566, with the intent of thoroughly educating the church's clergy.
- Beyond the reforms noted concerning the Council of Trent, mostly that Council served to reassert the full authority of Roman power and doctrine over the Protestant threat. The Council of Trent held meetings over a span of years from 1545 to 1563.
- The Roman Inquisition was founded in 1542 to act as an investigative body in regard to threats to Rome's teachings. About a century later, Galileo would be one of the most famous persons tried by the Roman Inquisition.
The answer is D. All of the above, as different changes in the environment can lead to many different things.
False, because it was more closely associated with the spreading of cultures in Africa.
