The Roman Empire had thriving urban centers, high literacy, and a centralized government, but _______ in the early Middle Ages w
as none of these things. The Germanic-speaking people who invaded England from Central Europe and settled there were called the _______. Under the _______ system, soldiers would be rewarded for their services to the king with gifts of land and other resources that came from battles won. The first Carolingian leader to become king was _______. After Charlemagne's rule, his grandsons' argument about who was the rightful heir of the empire led to the division of the empire into _______ realms. One reason the _______ were so successful at invading was that they engineered fast, versatile ships that could land almost anywhere. A new class of people called the _______, who gained wealth in towns, formed after the age of invasions. In the _______ Controversy, church and state authorities argued over who had the greater authority to appoint bishops. In a crusade, the _______ calls a war to defend the church against other faiths. According to _______, philosophical and theological questions could be resolved with religious-based reasoning. Respond to the following based on your reading. England became one of the strongest states in the Middle Ages. Explain the factors that contributed to its success. Compare and contrast the central intellectual movements' ideas in the Middle Ages. Then assess which ones challenged society's values the most.
11. Answers may vary. A sample answer is provided. England was a leader in literacy from its early history. Not only was literacy high in England, their monks also led literacy efforts in Europe. Literacy was key to developing its strong legal and taxation systems that would help the state become stronger.
12. Answers may vary. A sample answer is provided. Important intellectual ideas were developed from the twelfth to fifteenth centuries. During the Twelfth-Century Renaissance, scholars translated many Arabic texts into Latin, which made Islamic and ancient Greek scholarship and ideas accessible to the educated classes in Europe. In the thirteenth century, scholastics showed that theological questions could be discussed using logical reasoning. Finally, the European Renaissance introduced humanism, which began to challenge the central place of religious values in society. All three movements built on ideas from the ancient Greeks and Romans.
It was the "oil crisis" that was one major cause of the recession in the United States in the 1970s, since many countries in the Middle East cut prices to manipulate prices. This put a focus on alternative energy sources that continues today.
The British, 1600–1740. The English venture to India was entrusted to the (English) East India Company, which received its monopoly rights of trade in 1600s.
