b. the interest of European nations in creating colonies in North and South America
Explanation:
- Monroe's doctrine was America's policy of opposing European colonialism in America beginning in 1823.
- In 1823, US President James Monroe rebelled against the intervention of European countries on the American continent.
- The doctrine said that further efforts by European states to seize control of any independent state in North or South America would be seen as "a manifestation of a hostile attitude toward the United States."
- At that moment, directed against the interventionist intentions of the Holy Alliance of European Powers towards the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies in South America, that policy later became "America to Americans" and gained a strong national character.
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... Can we get the descriptions?
Answer:
Scholar Alfred W. Crosby used this passage “ this Columbian exchange ” to depict this general change of plants, creatures, society, innovations, people, and illness between this world’s Eastern and Western Hemispheres as a result of the voyages of discovery that began with Christopher Columbus in 1492. Crosby wrote that this change “ has made markets for continent without which she could.Be today a very different and a much poorer part. ” But Crosby likewise mentioned, “ It is likely that and these plants and creatures he works with him have had this disintegration of more varieties of living shapes at the last four hundred years than the usual processes of evolution might kill off in a million. ”
The plantation system developed for several reasons. The Southern colonies had been founded by companies or proprietors who wished to make a profit, and they accordingly encouraged cash crops like tobacco (in the Chesapeake) and rice (in the Low Country). These crops were labor intensive, which meant that growers turned first to indentured servants and then to African slaves as a labor supply (so, too, did sugar planters in the Caribbean.) They also required a great deal of land and capital, which meant that due to an economic principle called "economies of scale," cash crops, especially rice, favored very wealthy people with large landholdings and access to large labor forces. So in the Southern colonies/United States, the economic realities of staple crop production favored the formation of large farms, or plantations. Cotton, which emerged as the biggest cash crop in the nineteenth-century South, was less shaped by economies of scale--many small planters and farmers could profitably raise the crop. But even still, the largest cotton planters in places like Alabama and Mississippi dominated the Southern economy and increasingly its politics. Large capital investments in land and enslaved people made the production of large amounts of cotton profitable, so the region's dependence on cash crops continued to foster the plantation system.
