1.) [Bacteria] are single-celled organisms with no nucleus.
2.) The kingdom [Archaebacteria] is relatively small.
3.) Eubacteria are classified by [shape].
4.) [coccus] are round bacterial cells.
5.) [bacilli] are rod-shaped bacterial cells.
6.) [spirilli] are spiral-shaped bacterial cells.
Nucleotide bases are added to DNA strands in a 5' to 3' direction.
What is DNA replication?
When a cell divides, DNA copies itself through a process called replication.
- Generally speaking, DNA replication involves uncoiling the helix, strand separation by rupturing the hydrogen bonds between the complementary strands, and synthesis of two new strands through complimentary base pairing.
- The origin of replication, which is a precise location in the DNA, is where replication starts.
- From the point of origin, DNA replication is bidirectional.
- The two parent DNA strands unwind and split apart at the origin of replication to generate two "Y-shaped" replication forks in order to start DNA replication.
- These unwinding enzymes are known as DNA helicases.
- The real location of DNA copying is at these replication forks.
- Proteins that destabilize helices bind to the single-stranded areas to prevent the two strands from rejoining.
- To reduce stress on the helical molecule during replication, enzymes known as topoisomerases cause breaks in the DNA and then reunite them.
- The hydrogen bonding of free DNA nucleotides with those on each parent strand results in the formation of new complementary strands as the strands continue to unwind and split in both directions around the entire DNA molecule.
- The new nucleotides are joined by DNA polymerases using phosphodiester bonds as they align themselves opposite each parent strand using hydrogen bonds.
- Deoxynucleotide triphosphates, which are made up of a nitrogenous base called deoxyribose and three phosphates, are the actual nucleotides that are aligning through complementary base pairing.
- Two of the phosphates are withdrawn to provide energy for bonding as the phosphodiester bond forms between the 3' OH of the previous nucleotide in the DNA strand and the 5' phosphate group of the next nucleotide.
- In the end, two identical DNA molecules are created when each parent strand acts as a template for the synthesis of a complementary copy of itself.
Hence, nucleotide bases are added to DNA strands in a 5' to 3' direction.
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The chloroplast contain Chorophyll which within it is thylakoids.
The fossils which are plants and animal remnants change over time. The Law of Superposition is a law that governs the geochronology, which states that in any undisturbed sequence of rocks deposited in layers, the youngest layer can be found on the top and the oldest can be found at the bottom, with each layer being younger than the one under it and older than the one above it.
These elements works in a synergy to explain and to help persons of interest understand the idea of evolution which stresses out that the modern day species came from a distinctively different species.
