B. Most businesses were privately operated by risk taking entrepreneurs.
The correct answer is foreshortening
It is a way of painting or drawing that creates an optical illusion that the work of art is 3 dimensional when it's actually 2d.
Hi!
With the inclusion of secular rulers, the papal did face some challenges. These secular rulers campaigned with an anti-papal message, which did present challenges for the Pope.
Secular rulers also established a General Council which worked towards monitoring the Pope's actions, and stepping in when necessary.
Hopefully, this helps! =)