Answer:
vaccination
Explanation:
The vaccination has been one of the most revolutionary inventions in the medical field. This invention helped protect people from numerous diseases, some being totally neutralized, while some having only minor effects on the human body. The vaccination basically is a way of enhancing the immune system of the body by injecting in it a weakened form of the pathogen. In this way, the weakened form of the pathogen is not capable to harm the body, and the body is not fighting against it, but instead the pathogen becomes part of the body and its defense mechanism, so when the pathogen strikes, the body has a counter attack and defeats it.
<h2>GPCRs and RTKs</h2>
Explanation:
1) Phosphorylation of receptor can terminate signal or desensitize receptor: GPCRs because when signal persists a protein kinase receptor is activated,this further catalyse the phosphorylation of several serine residue at cytosolic phase of 7 transmembrane
Phosphorylated transmembrane recognized by arrestin protein blocks interaction between trimeric G protein and receptor thus blocks signal transduction
2) Autophosphorylation of receptor can initiate signal: RTKs because receptor dimerization activates intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity by which they phosphorylate its own tyrosine residue on cytosolic phase
3) Structure contains seven transmembrane helices: GPCRs because it consists of single polypeptide and spans the membrane 7 times hence called 7 transmembrane;it recognizes external signal and activates trimeric G protein
4) Ligand binding induces conformational change in receptor: RTKs because normally RTK exist in monomeric form in absence of any ligand molecule but when any ligand molecule binds receptor starts to dimerize
5) Receptor activation causes phosphorylation of its cytosolic subunits: RTKs because when receptor gets activates the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity by which they phosphorylate its cytosolic subunits
6) An example is the insulin receptor: Insulin receptor is present on plasma membrane and belongs to RTK family and always exist in dimeric form
7) Transports some ligands through the membrane: Neither GPCR nor RTK;ligand gets transported through the membrane through ligand gated channel
8) An example is the epinephrine receptor: Epinephrine is an endocrine hormone produced by adrenal glands in stress condition and prepare body for fight and flight;Epinephrine uses GPCR signalling pathway by four different types of membrane receptors in different tissues
9) Activate heterotrimeric G proteins directly: Transmembrane protein of GPCR recognizes the external signal and activates G protein,activated G protein binds with effector enzyme and activate it which further produce or destroy secondary messenger that carry message from cell surface to cell interior
Annual range is the difference of the mean temperature between the hottest and the coldest month.
<span>Cullowhee, NC,
Hottest month:
July - Ave. High: 85 </span>°F ; Ave. Low - 62 °F . Mean = (85+62)/2 = 73.5 °F<span>
Coldest month:
January - Ave. High: 48 </span>°F ; Ave. Low - 24 °F. Mean = (48+24)/2 = 36 °F
Annual Temperature range = 73.5 - 36 = 37.5 °F
<span>
Albuquerque, NM, - </span><span>largest annual temperature range
</span><span>Hottest Month:
July: Ave High: 90 </span>°F ; Ave. Low: 66 °F; Mean = (90 + 66) / 2 = 78 °F<span>
Coldest Month:
December: Ave High: 46 </span>°F ; Ave. Low 26 °F ; Mean = (46 + 26)/2 = 36 °F
Annual Temperature range = 78 - 36 = 42 °F
<span>
Los Angeles, CA - lowest annual temperature range</span>
Hottest Month:
August: Ave High: 79 °F ; Ave. Low: 62 °F ; Mean = (79 + 62) / 2 = 70.5 °F
Coldest Month:
December-March: Ave High: 67 °F ; Ave. Low: 51 °F ; Mean = (67 + 51) / 2= 59 °F
Annual Temperature range = 70.5 - 59 = 11.5 °F
Answer:
Soap solution functions to dissolve the cell membranes, alcohol is used to precipitate DNA, and Gatorade is a isotonic solution.
Explanation:
In the DNA extraction protocols, the cell membranes that are formed by lipidic bilayers can be dissolved by using detergent solutions that are functionally analog to soap solution, shampoo, etc. On the other hand, alcohol enables to precipitate DNA (because DNA is not soluble in alcohol), while proteins and other cellular components remain in the extraction solution. Finally, Gatorade is a isotonic solution that may be used to prevent the cells from lysing.
