Reliable causal inference based on observational studies is seriously threatened by unmeasured confounding.
What is unmeasured cofounding?
- By definition, an unmeasured confounder is a variable that is connected to both the exposed and the result and could explain the apparent observed link.
- The validity of interpretation in observational studies is threatened by unmeasured confounding. The use of negative control group to reduce unmeasured confounding has grown in acceptance and popularity in recent years.
Although they've been utilised mostly for bias detection, negative controls have a long history in laboratory sciences and epidemiology of ruling out non-causal causes. A pair of negative control exposure and outcome variables can be utilised to non-parametrically determine the average treatment effect (ATE) from observational data that is vulnerable to uncontrolled confounding, according to a recent study by Miao and colleagues.
Reliable causal inference based on observational studies is seriously threatened by unmeasured confounding.
Learn more about unmeasured confounding here:
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Answer:
I'm going to paint you a picture in words of what this looks like on paper. We have a train leaving from a point on your paper heading straight west. We have another train leaving from the same point on your paper heading straight east. This is the "opposite directions" that your problem gives you.
Now let's make a table:
distance = rate * time
Train 1
Train 2
We will fill in this table from the info in the problem then refer back to our drawing. It says that one train is traveling 12 mph faster than the other train. We don't know how fast "the other train" is going, so let's call that rate r. If the first train is travelin 12 mph faster, that rate is r + 12. Let's put that into the table
distance = rate * time
Train 1 r
Train 2 (r + 12)
Then it says "after 2 hours", so the time for both trains is 2 hours:
distance = rate * time
Train 1 r * 2
Train 2 (r + 12) * 2
Since distance = rate * time, the distance (or length of the arrow pointing straight west) for Train 1 is 2r. The distance (or length of the arrow pointing straight east) for Train 2 is 2(r + 12) which is 2r + 24. The distance between them (which is also the length of the whole entire arrow) is 232. Thus:
2r + 2r + 24 = 232 and
4r = 208 so
r = 52
This means that Train 1 is traveling 52 mph and Train 2 is traveling 12 miles per hour faster than that at 64 mph
Step-by-step explanation:
Algebra is Faster And Better Than “Basic” Math
Just as multiplying two by twelve is faster than counting to 24 or adding 2 twelve times, algebra helps us solve problems more quickly and easily than we could otherwise. Algebra also opens up whole new areas of life problems, such as graphing curves that cannot be solved with only foundational math skills.
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14.85
0.89
Those are the answers
Answer:
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Step-by-step explanation:
