Both are Personifications
China is huge, its population is huge and now its the pollution. you can say that its population has an effect on the pollution. but that's not all china has a vast economy and it makes most of the worlds clothing and the waste from these clothing also has an effect on china's increasing pollution.
I have heard this question before. The answer would be you will have as many knots as you have started with. Does that make sense?
1.) Theme is the message from the story and author’s purpose is the reason for the story
I’m sorry but I can’t answer 2 and 3 because I do not know what unit are you on. Good Luck though