To answer your first question, social darwinism is a theory that supports the rich getting richer. Republican party is based around this theory. Since they believe that those who are the fittest get the money, there is no reason to help the poor, because that is their fault. We can also attach to this the theory of mercantilism where everyone get what they truly deserve. On the other hand, social gospel movement is a christian movement that wanted to help the poor based on christian values. This movement applied christian ethics to social problems such as poverty, delinquency, racism, child labor and so on.
Russia grew in the shadow of the Byzantine Empire, which itself was the eastern half of the Roman Empire. Generally speaking, the eastern half of the empire owed a stronger cultural debt to the Hellenistic Age, being as it extended across the territories which had earlier been conquered by Alexander the Great, and controlled by the successor states that emerged from the collapse of his empire. The Eastern Empire's common language, for example, remained Greek.
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The Christians didn’t cooperate with the Ming and Qing, and thus had most of them executed in just a couple of years. The rest of the Ming and Qing scattered and haven’t recovered since
