The concept of political parties first began during the administration of President George Washington, just 10 years or so after the American constitution was adopted and made official.
The first political parties had their beginnings in Washington's cabinet. Thomas Jefferson who was Washington's secretary of state in 1773, resigned and soon united with James Madison and together, they were central to the creation of the first political party in the United States, believing that it was the way forward for the good of the United States.
I researched and I believe the answer is both 2 and 4.
