D, this is true because it does not state how many heartbeats you multiply by and there is defenitly no multiplying anyway
Answer:
Doctors can diagnose some skin problems by how they look. For other problems, they will use skin tests. Your doctor will first examine you and ask about your medical history. They may check to see if your skin problems may be caused by psoriasis or other chronic conditions. Skin tests can help to diagnose allergies, infections, and other problems affecting the skin. There are also used to tell the difference between malignant (cancerous) cells and benign (noncancerous) cells.
The most common skin tests include:
Patch testing: Patch tests are used to diagnose skin allergies. Allergens (substances that a person may be allergic to) are applied to the skin on the back with adhesive patches and left for a period of time. The skin is then examined for any reaction.
Skin biopsy: Skin biopsies are used to diagnose skin cancer or benign skin disorders. During a skin biopsy, skin is removed (after a local anesthetic is applied) and is taken to a laboratory for analysis. The skin may be removed with a scalpel, razor blade, or a cylindrical punch biopsy tool. Stitches may be used to close the wound.
Culture: A culture is a test that is done to identify the microorganism (bacteria, fungus, or virus) that is causing an infection. Skin (surface scrapings, biopsies, contents of pus bumps and blisters), hair, or nails may be cultured.
Explanation:
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Role of virus mutation and adaptation play in host jumps is described below.
Explanation:
- Viruses desperately need to hijack their hosts’ cellular machinery and resources to replicate, over and over again. Without its host, a virus is nothing.
Because of that dependence, some viruses have stuck with their hosts throughout evolution, mutating to make minor adjustments every time the host branched into a new species — a process called co-divergence. Humans and chimpanzees, for instance, have slightly different versions of the hepatitis B virus, both of which likely mutated from a version that infected their shared ancestor more than four million years ago.
- The other option — cross-species transmission — occurs when a virus jumps into a completely new type of host largely unrelated to its former one. That kind of viral evolution is notoriously linked to severe emerging diseases like bird flu, HIV, Ebola fever and SARS. Given the extreme virulence of those diseases, the apparent rarity of cross-species transmission seemed fortunate.
- But recently, when researchers in Australia conducted the first study of the long-term evolution of thousands of diverse viruses, they reached a startling conclusion: cross-species transmission has been more important and more frequent than anyone realized. Jumps between species have driven most major evolutionary innovations in the viruses. Meanwhile, co-divergence has been less common than was assumed and has mostly caused incremental changes.
How decisions on health products and health procedures are affected by several external factors.
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