Answer:
The Seljuks conquests had cut off Europe from access to Jerusalem
The Safavid Empire is considered the beginning of modern-day Persia. The Safavid Empire was a theocracy, which is a government formed and ruled by religious beliefs and rulers. The Mughal Empire was one of religious tolerance. Its rulers were Muslim but ruled peacefully over a predominately Hindu population.
A citizen - they are the ones with the right to vote, and have legal status as a person.