This is an example of negative reinforcement.
Her mother scolded her every time Jane bit her nails - so Jane learned that every time she bites her nails, she is going to be scolded sternly by her mother. In order to avoid that, she stopped biting her nails, and thus the reinforcement was successful.
The answer in the first sentence above is hypothesis because it is defined as having to state a prediction or conjecture in regards about an experiment whereas the second sentence' answer is experimental question because researchers tend to state what they plan to do in regards of their investigation and they do not apply any predictions in the experiment.
Observational methods, case-study methods and survey methods.
Observational Method
With the observational method (sometimes referred to as field observation) animal and human behavior is closely observed. There are two main categories of the observational method — naturalistic observation and laboratory observation.
Case Study Method
Case study research involves an in-depth study of an individual or group of indviduals. Case studies often lead to testable hypotheses and allow us to study rare phenomena. Case studies should not be used to determine cause and effect, and they have limited use for making accurate predictions.
Survey Method
In survey method research, participants answer questions administered through interviews or questionnaires. After participants answer the questions, researchers describe the responses given. In order for the survey to be both reliable and valid it is important that the questions are constructed properly. Questions should be written so they are clear and easy to comprehend.
-China's physical geography made farming possible but travel and communication difficult.
-geography kept early China culturally and economically isolated from the rest the world.