In Europe, academic belief in mercantilism began to fade in the late-18th century after the East India Company annexed the Mughal Bengal, a major trading nation, and the establishment of the British India through the activities of the East India Company, in light of the arguments of Adam Smith (1723–1790)
A claim is a statement of assertion by a person about a thing.This usually needs to be backed up with supporting details or evidence to prove that the claim is factual
A controversial claim is made if the assertion looks to be either untrue, unpopular or given to public dispute and debate.
Please note that your question is incomplete as you did not specify the second paragraph. As a result of this, i am giving you a general overview to help you arrive at the final answer.
When a person presents examples to support a claim, it is also a way of bringing supporting details
