The answer is 3) Other nations saw that Spain could be beaten and they challenged Spanish land claims.
Until this defeat, Spain and particularly its armada were seen as practically invincible, so other nations generally obeyed Spain and didn't stand up against it. However, once it was beaten (and their powerful armada practically destroyed), their place of power was reduced).
The correct answer to this open question is the following.
Although there are no options attached, we can say the following.
The effect of a lack of a navy have on American shipping was that it made the United States vulnerable against its enemies and had no ideal response in case of innovation. The lack of a proper navy did not allow the United States to support the transportation of goods and people in case of a conflict. It also made the US dependent on the navy of foreign countries such as Great Britain.
After the Revolutionary War, the US dropped the idea of having a formal navy. After 40 years without it, the end of the War of 1812 made politicians think about having some ships. From 1812 to 1860, the US navy was practically small compared to European superpowers.
C. High quality phones contain rare earth metals that are a more scarce resource and cost more to the consumer.
Answer:
The feudal system proper became widespread in Western Europe from the 11th century onwards, largely thanks to the Normans as their rulers carved up and dished out lands wherever their armies conquered.
I think the constitution prohibits the enactment of ex post facto.
