First one: It would be on Sol
Second one: No. It would be on La. The note is B. And is a Bflat
(I don't know Bass Clef as well. I play Alto Sax, which uses Treble Clef. So please forgive me)
Third one: It would be A flat
Fourth one: It would be C then C flat
(Again, I don't know Bass Clef that well, so don't count on my answers)
Im thinking it is bleed. If it “extends past the printed page” its like basically like “bleeding through” like marker on a very thin piece of paper.