Suffering (Dukkha):Suffering comes in many forms. Three obvious kinds of suffering correspond to the first three sights the Buddha saw on his first journey outside his palace: old age, sickness and death.But according to the Buddha, the problem of suffering goes much deeper. Life is not ideal: it frequently fails to live up to our expectations.Human beings are subject to desires and cravings, but even when we are able to satisfy these desires, the satisfaction is only temporary. Pleasure does not last; or if it does, it becomes monotonous.Even when we are not suffering from outward causes like illness or bereavement, we are unfulfilled, unsatisfied. This is the truth of suffering.Some people who encounter this teaching may find it pessimistic. Buddhists find it neither optimistic nor pessimistic, but realistic. Fortunately the Buddha's teachings do not end with suffering; rather, they go on to tell us what we can do about it and how to end it.
These are the three ultimate causes of suffering: A.Greed and desire, represented in art by a rooster B.Ignorance or delusion, represented by a pig C.Hatred and destructive urges, represented by a snake
The Third Noble Truth
Cessation of suffering (Nirodha):The Buddha taught that the way to extinguish desire, which causes suffering, is to liberate oneself from attachment.This is the third Noble Truth - the possibility of liberation.The Buddha was a living example that this is possible in a human lifetime. Nirvana:Nirvana means extinguishing. Attaining nirvana - reaching enlightenment - means extinguishing the three fires of greed, delusion and hatred.Someone who reaches nirvana does not immediately disappear to a heavenly realm. Nirvana is better understood as a state of mind that humans can reach. It is a state of profound spiritual joy, without negative emotions and fears.Someone who has attained enlightenment is filled with compassion for all living things.After death an enlightened person is liberated from the cycle of rebirth, but Buddhism gives no definite answers as to what happens next.The Buddha discouraged his followers from asking too many questions about nirvana. He wanted them to concentrate on the task at hand, which was freeing themselves from the cycle of suffering. Asking questions is like quibbling with the doctor who is trying to save your life.
The Fourth Noble Truth
Path to the cessation of suffering (Magga):The final Noble Truth is the Buddha's prescription for the end of suffering. This is a set of principles called the Eightfold Path.
The Eightfold Path is also called the Middle Way: it avoids both indulgence and severe asceticism, neither of which the Buddha had found helpful in his search for enlightenment.
1.Right Understanding - Sammā ditthi Accepting Buddhist teachings. (The Buddha never intended his followers to believe his teachings blindly, but to practise them and judge for themselves whether they were true.) 2.Right Intention - Sammā san̄kappa A commitment to cultivate the right attitudes. 3.Right Speech - Sammā vācā Speaking truthfully, avoiding slander, gossip and abusive speech. 4.Right Action - Sammā kammanta Behaving peacefully and harmoniously; refraining from stealing, killing and overindulgence in sensual pleasure. 4.Right Livelihood - Sammā ājīva Avoiding making a living in ways that cause harm, such as exploiting people or killing animals, or trading in intoxicants or weapons. 6.Right Effort - Sammā vāyāma Cultivating positive states of mind; freeing oneself from evil and unwholesome states and preventing them arising in future. 7.Right Mindfulness - Sammā sati Developing awareness of the body, sensations, feelings and states of mind. 8.Right Concentration - Sammā samādhi Developing the mental focus necessary for this awareness. The eight stages can be grouped into Wisdom (right understanding and intention), Ethical Conduct (right speech, action and livelihood) and Meditation (right effort, mindfulness and concentration).
The Buddha described the Eightfold Path as a means to enlightenment, like a raft for crossing a river. Once one has reached the opposite shore, one no longer needs the raft and can leave it behind.
"Soviets follow Stalin so eagerly despite his atrocities because under the Stalinist Soviet government, people benefited from some social liberalization. Girls were given an adequate, equal education and women had equal rights in employment, improving lives for women and families."
This map represents a network of roads that existed in whole or in part from the First Century BCE through the 14th Century CE.
The product that would have been MOST likely to have been traded from the East to the West was porcelain.
The map shows one of the many routes during the Silk Route years. The Silk Road was the series of routes that connected China to Euro Asia, and where transportation of goods carried many products between different countries and regions. The network of routes stretched thousands of miles and connected China with North Africa and the Middle. The main goods that China traded were porcelain and silk.
