Answer:
The Athens had an elected government (democracy), while the Spartans had a thing called Oligarchy (basically being ruled by a few). The Athens valued art and stuff while the Spartans valued the military.
It increased because industrialization & mass production came to replace lots of jobs. So a farmer for example was replaced by machines and so he and his family would have to move from a rural area (farm) to an urban area (city) to get work doing hard labor in factories. The size of cities also grew because at this time the railroads made getting from places easier than ever and allowed many people to move to cities. Cities were also were many companies would set up factories and workers moved their to be closer to their jobs
The north benefits from refusing slavery because the north is against slavery
France was a wealthier country than Britain, and its national debt was no greater than the British one. ... The financial strain of servicing old debt and the excesses of the current royal court caused dissatisfaction with the monarchy, contributed to national unrest, and culminated in the French Revolution of 1789.
When Thomas Paine wrote about reconcillation, he is referring to the colonies staying peacefully connected with Great Britain. This is in his writing or book, "Common Sense".
The answer or the missing phrase in your sentence is the second statement or choice.
