Augustine of Hippo arguedd against the instistence of people to Focus on Rome,but instead called for them to focus on the Kingdom of heaven. The term pax deorum was effectively changed to pas Augustine.
C. Growth of trade with the Middle East.
Because the Crusaders have ruled the Middle East for awhile, they established connections with some of the people groups there. And even though they lost the war, they still brought back valuable inventions and products (not inventions, like food, etc) that helped europeans in many way
hope this helps
Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings all invaded and broke the empire
Philosophers sought to change the world politically and intellectually.
