A typical protein has four levels of organisation, which are primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures.
A mutation that result in the replacement of the side chain of an amino acid will affect the tertiary structure of the protein. This is because the tertiary structure of a protein is primarily due to the interactions between the R groups of the amino acids that make up the protein. If the tertiary structure is affected, the function of the protein too will be negatively affected because the function of a protein depend on its tertiary structure.
ATP is not generated directly in the citric acid cycle. Instead, an intermediate is first generated by substrate-level phosphorylation. The intermediate is GTP.
<h3>
What is GTP?</h3>
- A purine nucleoside triphosphate is guanosine-5'-triphosphate.
- It serves as one of the components necessary for the creation of RNA during transcription.
- The main distinction between its structure and that of the guanosine nucleoside is the presence of phosphates on the ribose sugar of nucleotides like GTP.
- Also known as guanosine triphosphate, this energy-dense nucleotide is similar to ATP and is made up of guanine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
- It is required for the creation of peptide bonds during protein synthesis.
- Adenine nitrogenous base, sugar ribose, and triphosphate make up ATP, a nucleoside triphosphate, whereas guanine nitrogenous base, sugar ribose, and triphosphate make up GTP.
- This is the main distinction between the two compounds.
- The alpha-guanosine subunit's diphosphate (GDP) is converted into guanosine triphosphate (GTP), and the GTP-bound alpha-subunit subsequently separates from the beta- and gamma-subunits.
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DNA is condensed by a certain amount just on its own, just by its own interactions within the DNA molecule,..but whne proteins get involved it gets condensed 30000 fold
<span>what happens is that proteins called histones are like hockey pucks, and DNA wraps around it 1.5 times and then goes to another histone and wraps around that so that it looks like beads on a string (i hope that makes sense, its the only way to describe it) </span>
<span>these histones condense this DNA a lot, and when the histones get methylated then the DNA packs together even closer to get heterochromatin (VERY densely packed DNA)...the theory here is that DNA has a net negative charge due to the phosphate groups in the DNA backbone and doesnt allow the DNA to come together as closely as it could (like charges repel like charges), but when histones are methylated, the negative charge on the DNA is masked by the methyl groups and DNA can come together closer </span>
