Answer:
c) expression of genes and production of specific proteins.
Explanation:
Estrogen is a lipid-soluble steroid hormone that diffuses through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane of its target cell. The hormone binds to its nuclear receptor and receptor-hormone complex then alters the expression of particular genes.
It triggers transcription of specific DNA sequences into mRNA which in turn enters the cytoplasm and serves as a template for synthesis of specific proteins.
Estrogen is the female sex hormone and stimulates development of secondary sexual characters in females as well as required for maturation of egg.
Aerobic respiration is a biological process that takes energy from glucose and other organic compounds to create a molecule called Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP). ATP is then used as energy by nearly every cell in the body -- the largest user being the muscular system. Aerobic respiration has four stages: Glycolysis, formation of acetyl coenzyme A, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain.
The first step of aerobic respiration is glycolysis. This step takes place within the cytosol of the cell, and is actually anaerobic, meaning it does not need oxygen. During glycolysis, which means breakdown of glucose, glucose is separated into two ATP and two NADH molecules, which are used later in the process of aerobic respiration.
The next step in aerobic respiration is the formation of acetyl coenzyme A. In this step, pyruvate is brought into the mitochondria to be oxidized, creating a 2-carbonacetyl group. This 2-carbon acetyl group then binds with coenzyme A, forming acetyl coenzyme A. The acetyl coenzyme A is then brought back into the mitochondria for use in the next step.
The third step of aerobic respiration is called the citric acid cycle -- it is also called the Krebs cycle. Here, oxaloacetate combines with the acetyl coenzyme A, creating citric acid -- the name of the cycle. Two turns of the citric acid cycle are required to break down the original acetyl coenzyme A from the single glucose molecule. These two cycles create an additional two ATP molecules, as well as six NADH and two FADH molecules.
The final step in aerobic respiration is the electron transport chain. In this phase, the NADH and FADH donate their electrons to make large amounts of ATP. One molecule of glucose creates a total of 34 ATP molecules.
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If nondisjunction occurs during meiosis I, then four (4) daughter cells will have an incorrect number of chromosomes after meiosis.
<h3>What is non-disjunction?</h3>
Non-disjunction refers to the faulty separation of chromosomes during cell division (either meiosis or mitosis).
Meiosis is a cell division that produces four daughter cells having half of the genetic material of the parental cell.
Non-disjunction in meiosis I is known to cause an imbalance in all daughter cells (i.e., in 4 daughter cells).
Learn more about non-disjunction here:
brainly.com/question/1274629
Answer:
In the past few decades, Carbon dioxide levels has been rising.
Explanation:
- Rising levels of Carbon dioxide has become an immediate concern for the Environmentalists.
- This is because carbon dioxide is a green house gas and risen levels of green house gases can lead to unusual warming up of the Earth's Atmosphere.
- This phenomenon is termed as Global warming.
- Global warming can lead to seasonal variation and melting of the ice caps to flood several continents.
- In Last few decades The levels of Carbon dioxide is rising at an alarming rate.
- This rise occurs due to the to burning of fossil fuels, combustion of fuels in automobiles, Deforestation etc
- An immediate step is needed to check this addition of carbon dioxide.
