The answer to your question is D.
The answer is choice a. Peter the great wanted to westernize, or europeanize Russia.
Both nationalism and imperialism, along with militarism, were very intertwined during this time, since nationalism created an "us vs. them" type of mentality that led countries to want to take over and occupy more territory.
In an era in which the international slave trade was starting to grow, Columbus and his men enslaved many native inhabitants of the West Indies and subjected them to extreme violence and brutality. On his famous first voyage in 1492, Columbus landed on an unknown Caribbean island after an arduous three-month journey.