I'm pretty sure it's a piccolo.
House of representatives and the Senate
The Allies learned their lesson from WWI by not punishing Germany too harshly. Instead, they focused on rebuilding Germany's infrastructure and economy and they also wanted to create the United Nations to be able to sort out conflicts between nations to prevent another war from happening
Philippines are not currently a US territory while the others are, excluding Cuba because it has never been in alliance with the states
Cows: They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae, they are animals.
Missions: A task that needs completion.
Franciscans friars: they are a group of related mendicant religious orders within the Catholic Church.
Presidio: It is a Spanish word that means jail.
Rubi Report: military mission charged with reorganizing New Spain's defenses.