The equilibrium constant of reaction, usually denoted as K, is a unit of ratio. The ratio involves concentrations or partial pressures of products to reactants. But you also have to incorporate their stoichiometric coefficients in the reaction as their respective exponents. If K is in terms of concentration, only the substances in their aqueous state are the ones that are included only in the expression. If K is in terms of partial pressures, only the substances in gaseous states are the ones that are included only in the expression. For this problem, it would be in terms of partial pressures. To properly show you how it's done, consider this equilibrium reaction:
aA (g) + bB (g) ⇆ nN (g)
The equilibrium constant for this reaction is:
K = [N]ⁿ/[A]ᵃ[B]ᵇ
where the [] brackets denotes partial pressures of the substances
Particularly, for the reaction <span>a(g)⇌b(g), the K expression would be
</span>K = [B]/[A]
So, if K is less than one, that means that the numerator is less than the denominator. It follows that the partial pressure of reactant A is greater than product B. Since A is greater, then the more favorable direction would be the forward reaction. The δG°rxn would then be negative in value. So δG°rxn < 0.
To explain, δG°rxn is a criterion for spontaneity. If δG°rxn is negative, the reaction is spontaneous. If δG°rxn is positive, it is non-spontaneous. Since the favorable reaction is the forward reaction, it is spontaneous.
Answer:
c. can have a large cumulative effect
Explanation:
Noncovalent interactions between molecules are weaker than covalent interactions. Noncovalent interactions between molecules are of various types which include van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interactions or ionic bonding.
van der Waals forces are weak interactions found in all molecules. They include dipole-dipole interactions - formed due to the differences in the electronegativity of atoms - and the London dispersion forces.
Hydrogen Bonds results when electrons are shared between hydrogen and a strongly electronegative atoms like fluorine, nitrogen, oxygen. The hydrogen acquires a partial positive charge while the electronegative atom acquires a partial negative. This results in attraction between hydrogen and neighboring electronegative molecules.
Ionic bonds result due to the attraction between groups with opposite electrical charges, for example in common salt between sodium and chloride ions.
Even though these noncovalent interactions are weak, cumulatively, they exert strong effect. For example, the high boiling point of water and the crystal structure of ice are due to hydrogen bonding.
mass = Density x Volume
2.00 x 0.160 = 0.32 grams
I'm pretty sure is'd diffusion! Ya know..diffusion and osmosis, hydro-tonic solution, hypertonic solution!