Transcription factors are necessary for an initiation of transcription at a regulated gene but not sufficient.
Transcription is the first step of gene expression in which DNA molecule is copied (transcribed) into RNA (mRNA) by RNA polymerase. The process of transcription is divided into three phases:
1. Initiation
• RNA polymerase with transcriptional factors bind to gene promoter Transcription factors can enhance the interaction between RNA polymerase and a DNA sequence- promoter, encouraging the expression of the gene. Such transcription factors are called activators. Otherwise, when the gene expression is inhibited, factors are called repressors and they bind to sequence –operator.
• RNA polymerase unwinds DNA double helix (transcription bubble is formed)
2. Elongation
• RNA polymerases adds nucleotides complementary to DNA
3. Termination
• RNA polymerase gets to stop codon (transcribes a sequence of DNA known as a terminator)
• Formed complementary RNA strand is released from DNA-RNA complex
Apple (fruit): leaf, stalk, mesocarp, seed, endocarp, exocarp. Lily (flower): stamen, style, ovary, ovule, , stigma, petal, receptacle, peduncle, and sepal.
Answer:
4.
Explanation:
Synteny oe syntenic gene is defined as the physical co-localization of genetic loci on the same chromosome within a speciesand inidvidual.
In the beginning of the meiosis process, when genes are present in the same chromosomes but very far, they undergo indepedent assort due to homologous recombination and the random exchnage of matching fragment in homologous chromosomes takes place. During the crossing over there are very less chances that all types of gametes are produced accurate frequency.
Hence, the correct answer is 4.
