Answer and Explanation:
- The normal function of the CFTR protein is to transport Cl- ions as it works as a chlorine channel regulated by AMPc and by protein kinase K (PKA). CFTR is also a regulator for other ionic channels. The CFTR protein expresses in the luminal portion of the secretory and absorptive epithelial membranes and they have an important role in the secretion of electrolytes activated by AMPc and intracellular calcium. This protein constitutes the way out of Cl-from the lumen. Apart from its secretory function, CFTR protein also regulates the function of the electrolyte by inhibiting the epithelial Na+ channel activity in absorptive epithelial cells from the colon and aerial vias, and by activating the Na+ channel in sudoriparous conducts.
- Given that defects on the CFTR protein take to a defective regulation in the Na+ channel, the cystic fibrosis characterizes for alterations in electrolytes secretions and absorption. There are two important physiopathological mechanisms:
1) altered Cl- secretion in submucous glands,
2) increased Na+ absorption and consequent electrolytes hyperabsorption in the superficial epithelium.
Patients with cystic fibrosis are incapable of increasing their secretory transport. On the contrary, the increased epithelial Na+ conductance in apical membranes, the paracellular permeability to Cl- and elevated permeability to water, all together, do not allow a higher osmotic transepithelial gradient, which leads to a hyperabsorption in the patient epitheliums. The superficial liquid layer in the aerial vias decrease, mucous glands are not released from the mucus and the mucociliary clearance is strongly altered in aerial vias.
- The Lumacaftor (VX-809) is a drug directed to type II mutations. These mutations are present in an elevated number of patients with CF and include Phe508del that is the most frequent mutation. Ivacaftor (VX-770), is a drug directed to type III mutations in homozygote patients for Phe508del.
Given that lumacaftor helps the movement of Phe508del CFTR to the cell surface and the ivacaftor increases the opening time and the Cl- conductance through the epithelial cell, the treatment can be possible with a combination of the two drugs.
Another alternative compound is VX-661 that <u>is being studied</u>. Its efficiency is being evaluated by itself and together with ivacaftor.
The identity of an element can be determined by its atomic number, which tells us the number of protons in it.
The correct answer should be "atomic number", but it doesn't seem to fit in your sentence. Do you mean "element's" instead of "atom's"?
January 10. 360,048.
Explanation:
The Earth and the Moon are two space bodies that have each other as the closest to one another. Both of them have their own gravitational pull, with the one of the Earth being much greater, while the one of the Moon being weaker than it is expected for a body of its size. Nevertheless they influence each other with the gravitational pull, which is most noticeable on Earth.
The gravitational pull between these two space bodies is the greatest when they are the closest to each other, while it is the smallest when they are the furthest from each other. On January 10 the distance between Earth and the Moon is the smallest and it is 360,048 km, so the gravitational pull is the greatest on this date. On December 19 the distance between Earth and the Moon is the greatest and it is 406,276 km, so the gravitational pull is the smallest.
Yes I’m going back home and green and I have to get a couple things to eat at my
