D. All of the above.
Hope I helped.
Answer:
E. Interleukin-1
Explanation:
Interleukin-1 is produced by macrophages and is involved in promoting the proliferation of helper T cells. Interleukin-1 also acts on the hypothalamus to cause fever. Fever refers to abnormally high body temperature. During infection and inflammation, the hypothalamic thermostat is reset in response to interleukin-1 resulting in fever. The presence of certain bacterial toxins in the body triggers the release of interleukin-1 from macrophages and the body temperature is elevated. Fever inhibits the growth of some microbes, intensifies the effects of interferons, and stimulates the body's immune reactions.
Cartilaginous fish do not contain any bones - their skeleton is made up of cartilage.
<span>Populations of a short type of sunflower are identified as a new species under the conditions that </span>they are unable to breed with the sunflowers of the original population.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Answer B is correct:
Because the biologists are continuing to learn more and more about such minute organisms, protozoan systematics – that is, the taxonomy (classification) and the evolutionary interrelationships of major groups of protozoa – remains a topic of debate and change, still today.
Some of the rather LARGE and unwieldy taxonomic groupings of past years are particularly subject to revision with expansion of and refinement in the knowledge about the members of those – and related – assemblages. Paradoxically, the protozoa themselves are becoming more difficult to define with precision as our information about them and other microbial assemblages increases. Thus, presenting a single satisfactory circumscribed definition for them is not an easy task.
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Answer A sounds so funny.
Answer C and D are false because Protozoans are usually single-celled and heterotrophic.
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Hope this answer can help you. Have a nice day!