Answer:
state governments copied the federal. protect the states from foregin invastion.
The excerpt reflects the viewpoint of Federalists.
The above appreciations can be found in Alexander Hamilton text "The utility of the union as a safeguard against domestic faction and insurrection." In it, the idea of the Confederate Republic defined by Hamilton as an <em>assemblage of societies</em> is characterized. It defines the extension up to which democracy should operate.
Thus, the ideas in the excerpt are also, some of the ones that constitute what Hamilton referred to as the <em>science of politics and representation</em>, which contained elements that categorized an innovative government as the US is.
City bosses were admired by immigrants and poor citizens because they provided jobs for these individuals. Many immigrants struggled when coming to America because they did not know the language. This limited the places where they could work. So when city bosses offered them jobs, they were excited at the opportunity to make money in order to support their family.
There is a number of ways that Portugal and other European nations tried to challenge Spanish power:
1. illegal trade with Spanish colonies - given that Spain forbade any nation to trade with their colonies in the Americas, they had to do it illegally, without Spanish knowledge. Smugglers had a special role in this given that they did most of the work
2. pirates - these nations tried to do everything in their power to diminish the authority Spain had in the Americas. This is why they resorted to privateers - that is just a fancy name for pirates who preyed on Spanish ships in order to steal their treasure
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D. kept slaves and refused to convert to Catholicism.</span>
