Answer:
El imperialismo (generalmente en forma de un imperio) —que se basa en ideas de superioridad1 y aplicando prácticas de dominación— es el conjunto de prácticas que implican la extensión de la autoridad y el control de un Estado o pueblo sobre otro. También puede ser una doctrina política que justifica la dominación de un pueblo o Estado sobre otros; habitualmente mediante distintos tipos de colonización (de poblamiento, de explotación económica, de presencia militar estratégica) o por la subordinación cultural (aculturación). El sociólogo estadounidense Lewis Samuel Feuer identificó dos subtipos principales del imperialismo: el primero es el "imperialismo regresivo" identificado con la pura conquista, la explotación inequívoca, reducciones de los pueblos no deseados, y el asentamiento de los pueblos deseados en esos territorios. El segundo tipo identificado por Feuer es "imperialismo progresista" que se basa en una visión cosmopolita de la humanidad, que promueve la expansión de la civilización a las sociedades supuestamente atrasadas para elevar los estándares de vida y la cultura en los territorios conquistados, y la asignación de la gente conquistada a asimilarse a la sociedad imperial. Aunque los términos "imperialismo" y "colonialismo" están muy relacionados, no son sinónimos.
Explanation:
All organisms encounter some amount of environmental change. Some changes occur over a short time, and may be cyclical, such as daily or seasonal variations in the amount of temperature, light, and precipitation. On longer time scales, hominins experienced large-scale shifts in temperature and precipitation that, in turn, caused vast changes in vegetation – shifts from grasslands and shrub lands to woodlands and forests, and also from cold to warm climates. Hominin environments were also altered by tectonics – earthquakes and uplift, such as the rise in elevation of the Tibetan Plateau, which changed rainfall patterns in northern China and altered the topography of a wide region. Tectonic activity can change the location and size of lakes and rivers. Volcanic eruptions and forest fires also altered the availability of food, water, shelter, and other resources. Unlike seasonal or daily shifts, the effects of many of these changes lasted for many years, and were unexpected to hominins and other organisms, raising the level of instability and uncertainty in their survival conditions.
Many organisms have habitat preferences, such as particular types of vegetation (grassland versus forests), or preferred temperature and precipitation ranges. When there’s a change in an animal’s preferred habitat, they can either move and track their favored habitat or adapt by genetic change to the new habitat. Otherwise, they become extinct. Another possibility, though, is for the adaptability of a population to increase – that is, the potential to adjust to new and changing environments. The ability to adjust to a variety of different habitats and environments is a characteristic of humans.
In diversity of citizenship cases, if a case involves multiple plaintiffs with separate and distinct claims must satisfy the jurisdictional amount.
Diversity jurisdiction is a type of subject-matter jurisdiction recognized by U.S. law that enables federal courts to hear disputes without a federal question at issue.
There are two requirements that must be satisfied for a U.S. federal court to have diversity jurisdiction over a case.
The plaintiffs must be citizens of different U.S. states than the defendants, which is known as "diversity of citizenship," between the parties. Second, the "amount in controversy" in the case must exceed $75,000.
These two requirements must be met for a lawsuit to be considered in a federal court in the United States, unless it raises a federal issue in which case it must be heard in state court.
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Answer:
Federalism is the system of government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units. It is based upon democratic rules and institutions in which the power to govern is shared between national and state governments, creating a federation.
Explanation:
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