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A civilization is a complex society that creates agricultural surpluses, allowing for specialized labor, social hierarchy, and the establishment of cities. Developments such as writing, complex religious systems, monumental architecture, and centralized political power have been suggested as identifying markers of civilization, as well. When we see these changes occur, we should stop and ask, “Did people institute these practices because they were beneficial, or were they forced on them?” Historians debate this very question, trying to determine whether civilization was a bottom-up or top-down development.
start superscript, 1, end superscript Most likely, it was a bit of both.^2
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Some people think civilization is an advanced stage in the progression of human cultural evolution. But, when historians or anthropologists use the term civilization, they mean a society has many different, interconnected parts. So, rather than thinking about different forms of social organization as completely separate models, it’s helpful to think in terms of a spectrum of complexity. On one end, we have hunter-forager societies—which have little complexity—and on the other end, we have civilizations—which are highly complex. In between lie a wide variety of social structures of varying types and levels of complexity.
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try B i want to help and know it but i dont sorry
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B. Goods and valuable property should be moved or destroyed to prevent enemy use.
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Initially stalin used a "Not one step back approach" meant that all positions be held at all costs which means that most of the commanding officers that have suffered defeats as Germans had advanced to subdue the Soviet Union be shot and replaced. Then, political commissars enforced the tactic that there should be no retreat from the Germans. But, Stalin soon realized that tactical retreats were necessary and He suggests that anything or property of material value to the German's be destroyed.
Stalin moved the entire factories East beyond Urals and out of reach for the Germans. This approach allowed The Soviets Union to produce military hardware like tanks, and planes at a pace which the Germans were unable to match.
The Great Migration, or the relocation of more than 6 million African Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North, Midwest and West from 1916 to 1970, had a huge impact on urban life in the United States.
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The federal government, under the Articles, was too weak to enforce their laws and therefore had no power. The Continental Congress had borrowed money to fight the Revolutionary War and could not repay their debts. States
had also fallen into debt and were raising taxes to pay off those debts
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