D) All of these are examples of government corruption
Instrumental or cognitive aggression: these terms are interchangeable, both meaning the aggression is planned and is used as a means to meet a goal that can't be achieved in any other way.
Instrumental aggression is a planned attack and is typically the one means left. It is seen as necessary as no other plan has worked to achieve the goal. It is thought out and even justified by a higher moral grounds.
I believe the answer is: constitution in Article I
The article I of the constitution directly state the power of the Congress along with its limitation. They specify that congress is the one that has the power to create the laws in united states and they have to be separated into two sections (the senates and the house of representatives)
In the Europe of 1800's, the beliefs displayed in this question could be labeled as follows:
Conservative: The government should be led by a monarch with legitimacy from God; the government should mantain stability through a social class system. The explanation is that, those who call themselfs conservatives do so because they are in favor to keep things the way they are, manteining the status quo; the type of government that ruled Europe in 1800 was the monarchy, and they believed that stability could be reached by a social class system, the royal family and the plebeians.
Liberal: People should be able to work their way up the social ladder; the government should emphasize citizens' rights as listed in a constitution. Liberals, in general, believe and praise freedom for all people, and often the government's intervention in society is questioned; some say that the government's role should be smaller, intervening only in crucial questions, like the assurance of rights, while others believe that the government should have a central power figure.
The Emancipation Proclamation declared slavery wrong