The BPP (Black Panther Party) and Malcolm X (aka Malcom Little) established the Black Power Movement. They gave African American men a sense of unity and belonging in society. Both Malcolm and the Panthers challenged law enforcement officers, and frequently had confrontations.
The BPP exclusively had self-defense classes, to combat police brutality, and to patrol black neighbordhoods at night. Malcolm X encouraged his fellow black nationalists to protect themselves from white aggression.
Nowadays, civil rights groups, such as the Black Lives Matter movement, do not encourage nor condone violence, however, if attacked, they should practice self-defense.
The Republican Party.
It was originally more progressive and anti-slavery (for example, Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican President). Over time, the Democratic Party became the more progressive party as 1) blacks shifted away from the Republican Party following the failure of Reconstruction in the South and 2) the Republican party aligned itself more with big business in later years.
