The process by which organisms create sugars (specifically glucose) from non-carbohydrate precursors is known as gluconeogenesis.
- The only energy source used by the brain, testes, erythrocytes, and renal medulla is glucose, with the exception of ketone bodies during fasting. There are three highly exergonic stages in glycolysis. Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase are among the enzymes involved in these additional regulatory stages. In biological processes, both forward and backward reactions are possible.
- Similar to glycolysis, but with the process going the other way, is gluconeogenesis. Fructose-1,6-bP, glucose-6-P, and pyruvate all undergo fairly spontaneous conversions in the process of gluconeogenesis, which is why these reactions are tightly controlled.
- For the organism to function properly, energy conservation is crucial. Gluconeogenesis is suppressed when there is an abundance of energy available.
Therefore, gluconeogenesis conserve more energy.
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The DNA polymerases are enzymes that create DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA. These enzymes are essential to DNA replication and usually work in pairs to create two identical DNA strands from one original DNA molecule. During this process, DNA polymerase “reads” the existing DNA strands to create two new strands that match the existing ones.
Every time a cell divides, DNA polymerase is required to help duplicate the cell’s DNA, so that a copy of the original DNA molecule can be passed to each of the daughter cells. In this way, genetic information is transmitted from generation to generation.
Before replication can take place, an enzyme called helicase unwinds the DNA molecule from its tightly woven form. This opens up or “unzips” the double stranded DNA to give two single strands of DNA that can be used as templates for replication.
DNA polymerase adds new free nucleotides to the 3’ end of the newly-forming strand, elongating it in a 5’ to 3’ direction. However, DNA polymerase cannot begin the formation of this new chain on its own and can only add nucleotides to a pre-existing 3'-OH group. A primer is therefore needed, at which nucleotides can be added. Primers are usually composed of RNA and DNA bases and the first two bases are always RNA. These primers are made by another enzyme called primase.
Although the function of DNA polymerase is highly accurate, a mistake is made for about one in every billion base pairs copied. The DNA is therefore “proofread” by DNA polymerase after it has been copied so that misplaced base pairs can be corrected. This preserves the integrity of the original DNA strand that is passed onto the daughter cells.

A surface representation of human DNA polymerase β (Pol β), a central enzyme in the base excision repair (BER) pathway. Image Credit: niehs.nih.gov
Structure of DNA polymerase
The structure of DNA polymerase is highly conserved, meaning their catalytic subunits vary very little from one species to another, irrespective of how their domains are structured. This highly conserved structure usually indicates that the cellular functions they perform are crucial and irreplaceable and therefore require rigid maintenance to ensure their evolutionary advantage.
Prophage occurs when it detaches from carbohydrates to create a virus. The correct option among all the options that are given in the question is the third option or the penultimate option or option "C". I hope that this is the answer that has actually come to your desired help.
Answer:
D. atmospheric aerosols.
Explanation:
<em>Atmospheric aerosols are tiny particles that float in the air. These particles could be liquid or solid and are usually suspended primarily by direct emission into the atmosphere or secondarily by condensation process. </em>
Atmospheric aerosols have numerous effects on the biotic and abiotic factors of the environment. They alter air quality and impact human health in some cases, they can reduce atmospheric visibility, and they also reduce the amount of radiation that reaches the earth by scattering or reflecting some of the radiations from the sun back into space, leading to cooling of the atmosphere.
The correct answer is "all of the above." Satellite imaging is indeed usable for predicting the weather, analyzing geological structures, and also to locate oil deposits. Satellite makes the technology much more useful than it was. IT is also what gives the gps the ability to give you directions.
