The Enlightenment ideas were the main influences for American Colonies to become their own nation. Some of the leaders of the American Revolution were influenced by Enlightenment ideas which are, freedom of speech, equality, freedom of press, and religious tolerance.
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Some of the most important aspects of a capitalist system are private property, private control of the factors of production, accumulation of capital, and competition. Put simply, a capitalist system is controlled by market forces, while a communist system is controlled by the government.
May 10, 1776, Congress passed a resolution advising the colonies to form new governments "such as shall best conduce to the happiness and safety of their constituents." There were 3 states who disagreed with what Congress said, but the law was passed and the colonies formed new governments.
The right order is Cartography -> Navigational Compass -> Photography -> Internet.
Cartography - The first examples of maps used in Cartography dates back to the human pre-history. The oldest recorded route was found in Anatolia and was dated 6100-6300 BC, showing buildings and a volcano.
Navigational Compass - The first known compass was made with Lodestone, a black magnetized iron ore, during the 12th century. Chinese, European and Arab mariners used a different mechanism to make the magnetic phenomenon possible, but eventually, the lodestone was used to magnetize a needle that was floated on a small piece of wood in a small container of water.
Photography - The modern photography was established during the 19th century and was only used in a consistent manner by geographers by the end of that century.
Internet - The most recent milestone was the internet that came after the development of electronic computers in the 1950s.
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Between the 1490s and the 1850s, Latin America, including the Spanish-speaking Caribbean and Brazil, imported the largest number of African slaves to the New World, generating the single-greatest concentration of black populations outside of the African continent. This pivotal moment in the transfer of African peoples was also a transformational time during which the interrelationships among blacks, Native Americans, and whites produced the essential cultural and demographic framework that would define the region for centuries. What distinguishes colonial Latin America from other places in the Western Hemisphere is the degree to which the black experience was defined not just by slavery but by freedom. In the late 18th century, over a million blacks and mulattos in the region were freedmen and women, exercising a tremendously wide variety of roles in their respective societies. Even within the framework of slavery, Latin America presents a special case. Particularly on the mainland, the forces of the market economy, the design of social hierarchies, the impact of Iberian legal codes, the influence of Catholicism, the demographic impact of Native Americans, and the presence of a substantial mixed-race population provided a context for slavery that would dictate a different course for black life than elsewhere. Thanks to the ways in which modern archives have been configured since the 19th century, and the nationalistic framework within which much research has been produced in the 20th and early 21st centuries, the vast literature examining Latin America’s black colonial past focuses upon geographic areas that correspond roughly to current national and regional borders. This is a partial distortion of the reality of the colonial world, where colonies were organized rather differently than what we see today. However, there are a number of valid reasons for adhering to a nationalist-centered framework in the organization of this bibliography, not the least of which is being able to provide crucial background material for exploring how black populations contributed to the development of certain nation-states, as well as for understanding how blacks may have benefited from, or been hurt by, the break between the colonial and nationalist regimes. Overall, the body of literature surveyed here speaks to several scholarly trends that have marked the 20th and early 21st centuries—the rise of the comparative slavery school, scholarship on black identity, queries into the nature of the African diaspora, assessments of the power wielded by marginalized populations, racial formation processes, creolization, and examinations of the sociocultural structures that governed colonial and early national life.
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