In the Battle of Trenton (December 26), Washington defeated a formidable garrison of Hessian mercenaries before withdrawing. A week later he returned to Trenton to lure British forces south, then executed a daring night march to capture Princeton on January 3.
The last country in the world to challenge the United States control of Oregon was Great Britain. Oregon was won in the War of 1812.
Children performed all sorts of jobs including working on machines in factories, selling newspapers on street corners, breaking up coal at the coal mines, and as chimney sweeps. Sometimes children were preferred to adults because they were small and could easily fit between machines and into small spaces.
source: https://www.ducksters.com/history/us_1800s/child_labor_industrial_revolution.php
There is no answer because you did not give us the "following".
It is true because the popes where in charge of the church